INTRODUCTION:

One significant source of substances of medical significance is medicinal plants. Medicinal herbs have been used for a variety of health issues since ancient times. A range of bioactive compounds are obtained by systemic examination of these plants, which can be utilized in the creation of novel pharmaceutical products. A substantial body of research has been done on the pharmacological analysis of diverse plants that are employed in various traditional medical systems. Many traditionally recognized plants have been the subject of In-depth scientific research over the past few decades, and the results have included reports of their various medicinal properties, including anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and larvicidal effects^1–10.

A flowering ornamental plant in the Verbenaceae family is called Lantana camara Linn.Other names for L. camara include Spanish flag, West Indian Lantana, Wild Sage, and Surinam Tea Plant. L.camara is a well-known medicinal plant in the traditional medical system, and current research has highlighted its potential application in contemporary medicine. The goal of this review is to provide information about the phytochemistry and medicinal qualities of L. camara as well as its potential for future scientific research aimed at producing potent pharmaceutical molecules.

Chemical constituents:

Over the past few decades, a great deal of research has been done on the phytochemical content of L. camara. Essential oils, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, iridoid glycosides, phenyl ethanoid, oligosaccharides, quinine, saponins, steroids, triterpens, sesquiterpenoides, and tannin are reported to be the main phytochemical groups found in various parts of L. camara.^11–14

Medicinal approach:

L. camara is a significant member of the Verbenaceae family of medicinal plants. This herb has been linked to several therapeutic benefits in recent times.

1)Anticancer and antiproliferative property:

Parts of the L. camara plant have been shown to have antiproliferative and anticancer properties. It has been observed that L. camara leaves have antiproliferative action against lung cancer cell lines and laryngeal cancer cell lines. An in vitro antiproliferative test using the MTT assay was conducted.L. camara leaf methanol extract showed antiproliferative efficacy against NCI-H292 cells. On the Vero cell line, leaves of L. camara have been shown to have cytotoxic effects. Using the MTT assay, an in vitro Micytotoxicity test was conducted. The concentration of 500μg/ml methanol extract inhibited cell growth 2.5 times less than that of 100Η1% Triton^15,16. A375 (malignant skin melanoma), Hep2 (epidermoid laryngeal carcinoma), and U937 (lymphoma) were the three human cancer cell lines against which oleanonic acid extracted from L. camara was tested for anticancer efficacy. When applied to A375 cells, oleanonic acid shown encouraging cytotoxicity¹⁷.

2) Hemolytic property:

Using a modified spectroscopic approach, the hemolytic activity of L. camara aqueous extract and its solvent fractions was assessed at four different concentrations (125, 250, 500, and 1000μg/ml). When it came to human erythrocytes, the aqueous extract and its solvent fractions showed very little hemolytic activity. The various extracts’ hemolytic activity was discovered in the following order: Chloroform fraction > aqueous extract > ethanol fraction > methanol fraction > hexane and ethyl acetate fraction (50:50)¹⁸.

3) Antifungal property:

The antifungal properties of L. camara’s ethanol and hot water extract were tested against fungi that cause brown and white rot in wood. The two extracts shown effective antifungal action against fungi that cause brown and white rot, although the ethanol extract showed great promise at a very low concentration (0.01%). Additionally, L. camara was tested against Alternaria sp., a pathogen that causes several plant diseases, particularly in vegetable plants. Using the food poisoning plate method, the antifungal activity was assessed at three distinct extract concentrations: 10 mg/ml, 15mg/ml, and 20mg/ml. L. camara demonstrated notable antifungal efficacy against Alternaria sp. At a dosage of 20mg/ml^19,20.

4) Antimutagenic property:

L. camara’s 22β-acetoxylantic acid and 22β-dimethylacryloyloxylantanolic acid exhibited antimutagenic properties. Swiss mice were used for the micronucleus test, which measures anti-mutagenicity. When Mitomycin C was used to induce mutagenesis in mice, both substances showed strong antimutagenic action²¹.

5) Mosquito controlling property:

Methanol and ethanol extracts of L. camara’s leaves and flowers have been shown to have larvicidal effects on Ae. Aegypti and Cx. Quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae in their third and fourth instars. The two extracts demonstrated noteworthy larvicidal efficacy against the two species of mosquitoes; at lower doses (1mg/ml), the extracts demonstrated greater activity against Ae. Aegypti than against Cx. Quinquefasciatus. Adulticidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles culicifacies, An. Fluvialitis, and An. Stephensi mosquitoes has been reported for the essential oil derived from L. camara leaves. The LD50 values for these mosquitoes were 0.06, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.06 mg/cm (2), while the LD90 values were 0.10, 0.10, 0.09, 0.09, and 0.10mg/cm (2) against Aedes aegypti, Cx. Quinquefasciatus, An. Culicifacies, An. Fluvialitis, and An. Stephensi, respectively^22,23.

6) Antiulcerogenic property:

The methanol extract of L. camara leaves was shown to have antiulcerogenic properties on rats’ stomach ulcers caused by asprin, ethanol, and cold-resistant stress. The pretreatment of the affected rats with the extract (200 and 400mg/kg body weight) shown a noteworthy protective effect against ulcers in rats produced by aspirin, ethanol, and cold stress. In every animal, the extract exhibited dose-dependent antiulcerogenic efficacy²⁴.

7) Antioxidant property:

By measuring reducing power activity and using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, the antioxidant activity of L. camara’s leaves was reported. The antioxidant effect of leaf extracts was substantial; however, the antioxidant activity of younger leaves was higher than that of older or more mature leaves. Significant antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the ethanolic extract of L. camara in in vivo experiments. In the kidneys of urolithic rats, the extract therapy reduced the degree of lipid peroxidation. The DPPH radical scavenging assay and the Nitric oxide free radical scavenging assay were used in the in vitro investigations. In both tests, the extract demonstrated strong antioxidant qualities^25,26.

8) Antihyperglycemic property:

Methanol extract of L. camara Linn fruits was tested for hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (Wistar albino rats). In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, extract therapy at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight caused a dose-dependent drop in serum glucose levels. Improvements in body weight, the HbA1c profile, and liver cell regeneration were also observed after extract therapy. In rats with diabetes induced by alloxan, the methanol extract of L. camara leaves was found to have antihyperglycemic effects. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, oral treatment of the L. camara methanol extract (400mg/kg body weight) leaves led to a drop in blood glucose level to 121.94mg/dl^27,28.

9) Wound healing property:

In adult male Wister rats, the ethanol extract of the leaf of L. camara was shown to have wound-healing properties. The extract’s topical use to the wound markedly accelerated the healing process. The function of extract in healing was validated by histological examinations of cured lesions. An aqueous extract of L. camara leaves was found to have wound-healing properties in rats in a different investigation. Topical use of the extract (100mg/kg/day) to the wound improved wound contraction rate by 98%, accelerated collagen synthesis, and sped up the healing process^29,30.

10) Effect on red blood cells:

An aqueous extract of Lantana camara was tested for its effects on RBC shape and osmotic fragility. The data revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in hemolysis and alterations to the shape of red blood cells when the extract was present. Some of the chemical components in the aqueous extract of Lantana camara may have pharmacological activities that are linked to these actions ³¹.

CONCLUSION:

According to scientific and ethnomedical research, L. camara has medicinal qualities that make it a desirable plant that could be developed into a medication in the future.

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Received on 06.05.2024 Modified on 11.06.2024

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2024; 16(3):165-167.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2024.00031